- Bulk earthworks
- Large-scale cut and fill to form the overall site shape. On larger sites it usually involves excavators, dozers, rollers and trucks working to design levels, and comes before detailed trimming, service trenching and pavement construction on roads, pads and subdivisions.
- Cut-to-fill balance
- Matching excavated volume to the fill needed so less is imported or exported. Designers calculate it from survey, but bulking, compaction and unsuitable material change real volumes, so the balance should be rechecked regularly as work progresses and stockpiles change.
- Subgrade CBR
- California Bearing Ratio, a measure of subgrade strength used to design pavement depth. Lower values generally mean thicker pavement. Testing is done by a geotechnical provider, and actual results on site may differ from assumptions made at the design stage.
- Survey control
- Fixed marks the whole job is set out from. Machines and checks refer back to them. Protect these marks from plant and traffic, because a disturbed benchmark can quietly shift levels across the whole site. Report any damaged mark immediately.
- Specification
- The written requirements for materials, compaction and tolerances. It sits alongside the drawings and often decides testing frequency and acceptable fill. Read it closely before pricing or starting work, because it sets quality standards the contractor will be measured against.