- Invert level
- The level of the bottom inside the pipe, set at inlet and outlet. The difference between the two gives the fall, which keeps water moving steadily and helps the pipe flush silt instead of collecting it in a low spot.
- Headwall
- A wall at the end of the culvert that holds the embankment and guides water. Headwalls are often precast or formed in reinforced concrete, and they protect the pipe ends from scour and from damage by passing vehicles or mowers.
- Scour
- Erosion caused by fast water, especially at the outlet. Scour starts as a small hole below the pipe and can grow quickly in storms, undermining the culvert, the headwall and eventually the driveway or track above. Rock protection limits it.
- Cover
- The depth of material between the top of the pipe and the road or driveway surface. Enough cover spreads wheel loads so the pipe is not crushed. The pipe supplier or designer states the minimum cover needed for the loads.
- Bedding
- The prepared base the pipe sits on, which spreads loads evenly. It is usually a compacted granular material shaped to support the pipe along its full length, and it must not be soft, wet, uneven or full of large rocks.