- Benchmark
- A fixed point of known height used as a level reference. It might be a surveyor's mark, a kerb top or a peg, and it should stay undisturbed for the whole job so every level can be checked against it.
- Calibration
- Setting up the system so the displayed depth matches the physical measurement. It accounts for bucket size, machine position and sensor placement, and should be checked regularly because wear, knocks or attachment changes can introduce small, costly errors over time.
- Grade
- The slope of a surface, often shown as a ratio or percentage. Correct grade lets water drain away from buildings and toward pits or drains, while too little fall can leave puddles and too much can cause scouring and erosion.
- Over-dig
- Digging deeper than the design level, which usually means refilling and compacting. Poorly compacted fill can settle under slabs and paths, so over-dig often needs approved material placed in layers, or the engineer's advice on how to fix it properly.
- Set-out
- Marking design positions and levels on the ground, usually by a builder or surveyor. Pegs, paint and offset marks show where to dig, and they should be protected during work so they remain reliable until the excavation job is finished.